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أولاً الضمائر الشخصية
A
personal pronoun
refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form
to indicate
person, number, gender,
and case.
ضمائر الفاعل
A
subjective personal
pronoun indicates that the pronoun
is acting
as the
subject of the sentence.
يعمل عمل الفاعل
في الجملة وهي كالأتي
The subjective
personal pronouns are "I," "you," "she," "he,"
"it," "we," "you," "they."
In the following sentences, each of
the highlighted
words
is a subjective personal
pronoun and
acts as the subject of the
sentence:
أمثلة لتوضيح ذلك
-
I
was glad to find the bus pass in the bottom of the green knapsack.
-
You
are surely the strangest child I have ever
met.
-
He
stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with
him.
-
When
she was a young woman,
she
earned her living as a coal miner.
-
After many years,
they
returned to their homeland.
-
We
will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.
-
It
is on the counter.
-
Are
you the delegates from Malagawatch?
ضمائر المفعول به
An
objective personal pronoun
indicates that
تحل محل المفعول به وهي كالأتي
the pronoun is acting as an
object
of a
verb,
compound verb,
preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective
personal pronouns are: "me," "you,"
"her," "him," "it," "us," "you," and "them."
In the following sentences, each of the
highlighted words is an objective personal pronoun:
-
Samy stole the
handbag and forced
her to
cry on his
face.
- سامي سرق
حقيبة اليد ودفعها ان تصرخ في وجهه
-
The agitated assistant stood up and faced the
angry delegates and said, "Our
leader will address you in five minutes."
In this sentence, the pronoun "you" is the direct
object of the verb "address."
-
Deborah and Roberta will meet
us
at the newest café in the market.
Here the objective personal pronoun "us" is the
direct object of the compound verb "will meet."
-
Give the list to
me.
Here the objective personal pronoun "me" is the
object of the preposition "to".
-
I'm not sure that my contact will talk to
you.
Similarly in this example, the objective personal
pronoun "you" is the object of the preposition "to".
-
Christopher was surprised to see
her
at the drag races.
Here the objective personal pronoun "her" is the
object of the infinitive phrase "to see."
ضمائر الملكية
وهي تشير إلى ان الضمير كإشارة للملكية ويوضح من المالك كشخص او مفعول معين
A
possessive pronoun
indicates that the pronoun is
acting as a marker of possession and defines who
owns
a particular object or person.
The
possessive personal
pronouns are
"mine,"
"yours," "hers,"
"his," "its,"
"ours," and "theirs."
Note that possessive personal pronouns are very
similar to
possessive
adjectives like "my," "her,"
and "their."
In each of the following sentences,
the highlighted word is a
possessive personal pronoun:
-
The smallest gift is
mine.
Here the possessive pronoun "mine"
functions as a subject complement.
-
This is yours.
Here too the possessive pronoun "yours"
functions as a subject complement.
-
His is on the kitchen counter.
In this example, the possessive pronoun "his"
acts as the subject of the sentence.
-
Theirs will be delivered tomorrow.
In this sentence, the possessive pronoun "theirs"
is the subject of the sentence.
-
Ours is the green one on the corner.
Here too the possessive pronoun "ours"
function as the subject of the sentence.
2)Demonstrative
pronouns
أسماء الإشارة
A
demonstrative pronoun
points to and identifies a noun
or a pronoun. "This"
and "these" refer to things
that are nearby either in space or
in time,
while "that" and "those" refer
to things that
are farther away in space or time.
وهي التي
تستخدم فيها أدوات الإشارة
ويندرج تحت هذا النوع عدة ضمائر وهي :
(this/that/these/those/such)
-
This
must not continue.
Here "this"
is used as the subject of the compound verb "must not continue."
-
This
is puny; that
is the tree I want.
In this example "this" is used as
subject and refers to something close to the speaker. The demonstrative
pronoun "that" is also a subject but refers to something farther away
from the speaker.
-
Three customers wanted these.
Here
"these"
is the direct object of the verb "wanted".
3)
Interrogative Pronouns
الضمائر
الإستفهامية
An interrogative
pronoun is used to ask
questions.
The interrogative pronouns are
"who," "whom," "which," "what"
and the compounds formed with the
suffix "ever"
("whoever," "whomever,"
"whichever," and "whatever").
Note that either "which" or "what"
can also
be used as an interrogative adjective, and
that "who,"
"whom," or "which"
can also be used as a relative
pronoun.
You will find "who,"
"whom," and occasionally
"which" used to refer to people,
and "which" and "what" used to refer
to things and to animals.
"Who" acts as the subject of a verb,
while "whom" acts as the
object of a verb,
preposition, or a verbal.
وهي الضمائر التي
تستخدم في صيغة الأسئلة أو لفرض سؤال معين
وهي التي تبدأ ب Wh
وتلحق بها اللاحقة ever
كما هو اعلى
The
highlighted word in each of
the following
sentences is an interrogative
pronoun:
-
Which
wants to see the dentist first?
"Which"
is the subject of the sentence.
-
Who
wrote the novel Rockbound?
Similarly "who"
is the subject of the sentence.
-
Whom
do you think we should invite?
In this sentence, "whom"
is the object of the verb "invite."
-
To
whom
do you wish to speak?
Here the interrogative pronoun "whom
" is the object of the preposition "to."
-
Who
will meet the delegates at the train station?
In this sentence, the interrogative
pronoun "who" is the subject of the
compound verb "will meet".
-
To
whom
did you give the paper?
In this example the interrogative
pronoun "whom" is the object of the
preposition "to."
-
What
did she say?
Here the interrogative pronoun "what"
is the direct object of the verb "say
5)
Relative Pronouns
ضمائر الوصل
وهي التي تربط مجموعة من
الكلمات بأسماء معينة أو ضمائر أخرى
You can use a
relative pronoun
to link one phrase or
clause
to another phrase or clause. The
relative pronouns are
"who,"
"whom," "that,"
and "which."
The compounds "whoever," "whomever,"
and "whichever"
are also relative pronouns.
You can use the relative pronouns "who"
and "whoever"
to refer to the subject of a
clause or sentence,
and "whom"
and "whomever" to refer to the
objects of a verb,
a verbal or a preposition.
In each of the following sentences,
the
highlighted word is a relative
pronoun.
أمثلة
-
You may invite
whomever
you like to the party.
The relative pronoun "whomever"
is the direct object
of the compound verb "may invite".
-
The candidate
who
wins the greatest popular vote is not always elected.
In this sentence, the relative
pronoun is the subject of the verb "wins"
and introduces the subordinate clause
"who wins the
greatest popular vote".
This subordinate clause acts as an
adjective modifying "candidate."
-
In a time of crisis, the manager
asks the workers
-
whom
she believes to be the most efficient to
-
arrive an hour earlier than
usual.
In this sentence "whom" is the
direct object of the verb "believes"
and introduces the subordinate
clause "
whom she believes to be the most
efficient".
This subordinate clause
modifies the noun "workers."
-
Whoever broke the window
will have to replace it.
Here "whoever"
functions as the subject of the verb "broke".
-
The crate
which was
left in the corridor has now been moved into the storage closet.
In this example "which" acts as the
subject of the compound verb
"was left" and introduces the
subordinate clause
"which
was left in the corridor."
The subordinate clause acts as
an adjective modifying the noun "crate."
-
I will read
whichever
manuscript arrives first.
Here "whichever"
modifies the noun "manuscript"
and introduces the subordinate
clause
"whichever
manuscript arrives first."
The subordinate clause functions as
the direct
object of the compound verb
"will read."
An
indefinite pronoun
is a pronoun referring to an identifiable
but not specified person or
thing. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or
some.
وهي تشير إلى
الغير محدد او المبهم وليس شخص او شيء بعينه
"محدد".لكن الضمير
يوصل الفكرة عن "كل او جميع او اي او بعض او لا احد
The most common indefinite pronouns
are
"all,"
"another," "any," "anybody," "anyone," "anything,"
"each,"
"everybody," "everyone," "everything," "few,"
"many," "nobody,"
"none," "one," "several," "some,"
"somebody,"
and "someone."
لاحظ ان بعض ضمائر
النكرة او الغير معرفة ممكن ان تستخدم كصفات غير محددة
Note that some indefinite pronouns
can also be used as indefinite
adjectives.
The
highlighted words in the
following sentences are indefinite pronouns:
-
Many
were invited to the lunch but only twelve showed up.
Here "many" acts as the subject of
the compound verb "were invited".
-
The office had been searched and
everything
was thrown onto the floor.
In this example ,"everything"
acts as a subject of the compound verb "was thrown."
-
We donated
everything we
found in the attic to the woman's shelter garage sale.
In this sentence, "everything" is
the direct object of theverb "donated."
-
Although they looked everywhere
for extra copies of the magazine, they found
none.
Here too the indefinite pronoun
functions as a direct object: "none" is the direct object of "found."
-
Make sure you give
everyone a
copy of the amended bylaws.
In this example, "everyone" is the indirect object
of the verb "give"
-- the direct object is the noun phrase "a copy of the amended bylaws."
-
Give a registration package to
each.
Here "each" is the object of the
preposition "to."
7)Reciprocal pronouns
ضمائر التبادلية
وهي التي تفيد وتشير إلى تبادل شيء معين بين
شخصين
وهذه
الضمائر هي :
each other / one another
Example
They write
to
each other / one another
likes
reading
كلاهما
يحب القرآة
وهي التي تشير إلى الفاعل وتنعكس عليه وتصاغ عن طريق إضافة
Self للمفرد أو selves
للجمع إلى الضمائر التالية
:
You can use a
reflexive pronoun
to refer
back to the subject of the clause or
sentence.
The reflexive pronouns are
"myself,"
"yourself," "herself,"
"himself," "itself,"
"ourselves,"
"yourselves," and "themselves."
Note each of these can also act as an intensive pronoun.
Each of the
highlighted words in the following sentences is a
reflexive pronoun:
-
Diabetics give themselves
insulin shots several times a day.
-
The Dean often does the photocopying herself
so that the secretaries can do more important work.
-
After the party, I asked
myself
why I had faxed invitations to everyone in my
office building.
-
Richard usually remembered to send a copy of his
e-mail to himself.
-
Although the landlord promised to paint the
apartment, we ended up doing it
ourselves.
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